Environmental Chemistry of Radioactive Waste Management

Abstract

The safe and effective management of radioactive waste is a global priority, essential for protecting both human health and the environment. This work synthesizes the complexities of nuclear waste management, drawing on lessons from major nuclear incidents such as the Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi accidents to underscore the long-term environmental impacts of radionuclide release. It examines the fundamental principles and modern practices of radioactive waste management, from the classification of waste types and the regulatory frameworks established by international bodies like the IAEA, to advanced treatment and immobilization techniques. A significant portion of the analysis is dedicated to the long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, with a focus on the development and safety of deep geologic repositories. The work also delves into the specific behavior of key radionuclides like Cesium-137 and Iodine-129, exploring their transport in the environment and the scientific approaches to their containment. By integrating historical context, contemporary research, and evolving safety standards, this research provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and solutions in securing a safe future for nuclear energy and its byproducts.