The Public Health Impact of Airborne Particulate Matter: Risks, Mechanisms, and Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

Airborne particulate matter (PM) poses a significant threat to public health due to its ability to penetrate deep into the respiratory system and enter systemic circulation. This study provides a comprehensive review of the sources, composition, health effects, and mitigation strategies associated with PM exposure. Fine and ultrafine particles, particularly PM₂.₅ and smaller, have been identified as the most hazardous due to their capacity to reach the alveolar region and cross biological barriers. The mechanisms through which PM affects human health include oxidative stress, inflammation, and systemic toxicity, leading to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, neurological impairments, and metabolic complications. Industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, and biomass combustion are major contributors to PM pollution, exacerbating its prevalence in urban areas. The review highlights regulatory efforts and innovative solutions for PM reduction, including stricter air quality standards, green infrastructure, and advanced filtration technologies. Vegetation-based air purification and policy interventions aimed at reducing emissions have been shown to mitigate PM pollution effectively. Public health awareness campaigns and the adoption of clean energy sources also play crucial roles in reducing exposure. The study concludes that addressing PM pollution requires a multidisciplinary approach involving environmental scientists, policymakers, and healthcare professionals. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of chronic PM exposure and the development of more effective pollution control strategies. Strengthening global efforts to reduce air pollution will be critical in minimizing the adverse health effects associated with PM exposure and improving overall public health.