Antimicrobial Properties of 9, 12-Octadecadienoic Acid Isolated from Leaf Extracts of Acalypha Fimbriata (Euphorbiaceae)

Abstract

Linoleic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid found in natural substances with numerous interesting biological and nutritional properties. Acalypha fimbriata is one of the well spread species of the Acalypha genus that is used for centuries as medicinal herb. There is however limited scientific work on this plant. The aim of the present study is to isolate and characterized bioactive compounds from the leaves of Acalypha fimbriata. The powdered leaves (650g) were extracted sequentially with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol via maceration to obtain n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was pre-adsorbed on celite and then subjected to repeated column chromatography over silica gel G. The fractionation and purification process resulted to a pure sample which was coded, AFE₄. The structural elucidation was done via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and High Resolution – Liquid Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The antimicrobial study of the isolated compound was done. Based on the NMR (¹H and ¹³C- DEPT) spectroscopic and LC-HRMS data, the isolated compound was identified as 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Linoleic acid) [C₁₈H₃₂O₂; Mol. Wt = 280]. The compound showed a significant broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against the test organisms- Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with zones of inhibition ranging from 0 – 20 mm. Statistical analysis showed there were significant differences (p<0.05) in antimicrobial effects among the various concentrations of the isolated compound and the standard drugs against the test organisms. The observed antimicrobial action of A. fimbriata as reported in literature could be linked to the presence of linoleic acid.