Evaluation of Spatial Distribution of PM2.5 Pollution and Its Health Effects in Nigeria
Keywords:
PM2.5, concentration, pollutants, anthropogenic, Nigeria, health risks, temperatureAbstract
Communication in Physical Sciences 2020, 6(2): 934-940
Agada Livinus Emeka
Received 02 October 2020/Accepted 26 December 2020
This study presents the annual spatial distribution of Particulate Matter whose diameter is 2.5 microns or less (PM2.5) and its health impacts in Nigeria. Temperature and PM2.5 data were obtained from both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) Abuja. The results of this study showed that there is an increasing temperature trend in Nigeria, and the warming effects have contributed to the increase in PM2.5 pollutants in the atmosphere in Nigeria. The average annual concentration of the PM2.5 pollutants in Nigeria is 41.5 µg/m3, and the minimum and maximum annual concentrations are 17 µg/m3 and 79 µg/m3 respectively. The results showed that the annual concentration of PM2.5 is much more than the WHO guideline value of 10 µg/m3. The concentration of PM2.5 is higher in industrial and commercial areas and their sources were identified to be anthropogenic. They are caused by emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel devices. The extreme northern part of Nigeria is also heavily polluted by PM2.5 due to the combined emissions from automobiles and Particulate matter loading from the Sahara Desert. The elevated concentration of PM2.5 in Nigeria was identified as the major cause of health complications such as lung cancer, asthma, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases associated with air pollution. PM2.5 are known to constitute heavy metals such as Lead, Nickel, Cadmium, Arsenic and Chromium which are capable of causing kidney and liver complications when ingested. Given the adverse health risks associated with air pollution by PM2.5, this study was focused on raising public awareness of the adverse health effects of air pollution by PM2.5.
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