Assessing Environmental Risks and Pollution Challenges of Nuclear Reactor Technologies: Case Studies and Remediation Strategies

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the environmental risks and pollution challenges associated with various types of nuclear reactors, including Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR), Boiling Water Reactors (BWR), Heavy Water Reactors (HWR), Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR), Small Modular Reactors (SMR), Molten Salt Reactors (MSR), and Gas-cooled Reactors (GCR). By examining case studies such as the Three Mile Island incident, Fukushima Daiichi disaster, and the Windscale fire, we identify critical factors contributing to environmental contamination, including operational failures, natural disasters, and material integrity issues. Qualitative assessments reveal significant public health implications, regulatory responses, and shifts in nuclear policy following these incidents, highlighting the need for enhanced safety protocols and community engagement in nuclear energy discourse. Additionally, this paper presents a framework of remediation measures tailored to address specific risks associated with each reactor type, emphasizing the importance of technological innovation and stakeholder collaboration in mitigating environmental impacts. Ultimately, this research aims to inform policymakers and industry stakeholders about the complexities of nuclear reactor operations, promoting a safer and more sustainable approach to nuclear energy development.