Assessment of Surface Water Quality in Zaria Metropolis: Implications for Environmental Health and Sustainable Management

Authors

  • Uba Sani Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
  • Abdulkadir Ibrahim Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
  • Akande, Esther Oluwatoyosi Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
  • John, Oghenetega Mercy Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
  • Murtala, Mohammed Rumah Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria

Keywords:

Water quality index, physicochemical parameters, Analysis of variance, Correlation

Abstract

Communication in Physical Sciences, 2024, 11(3): 438-449

Authors: Uba Sani., Abdulkadir Ibrahim., Akande, Esther Oluwatoyosi .,John, Oghenetega Mercy., Murtala, Mohammed Rumah.

Received: 13 January 2024/Accepted: 08 June 2024

Surface water bodies, including rivers, dams, and lakes, are integral to urban development and human life, supporting both urban residents and rural agricultural sectors. However, rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization have posed significant threats to water quality worldwide. Industrial discharges, in particular, contribute to water pollution, notably with toxic heavy metals. Assessing water quality involves monitoring various physicochemical parameters, which can be laborious and challenging. Therefore, this study employs statistical correlation analysis to understand the interrelationships among water quality parameters, aiming to simplify water quality assessment. Water samples were collected from Shika, Galma, and Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) dams in Zaria, Nigeria, and analysed for various parameters. Results showed that dissolved oxygen (DO) levels ranged from 1.37 to 3.67 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ranged from 0.47 to 1.83 mg/L, and pH varied from 4.33 to 6.93 across different sampling points. Turbidity ranged from 65.27 to 152.20 NTU, total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 30.67 to 956.33 mg/L, and total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 16.67 to 170.00 mg/L. Electrical conductivity (EC) varied from 62.97 to 1888.33 µs/cm, alkalinity (ALK) ranged from 14.00 to 28.00 mg/L, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged from 93.30 to 123.30 mg/L. Sulphate (SO4) concentrations ranged from 381.70 to 568.30 mg/L, nitrate (NO3-) ranged from 9.00 to 26.00 mg/L, and phosphate (PO4) ranged from 0.12 to 0.61 mg/L. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations among these parameters, indicating complex relationships within the aquatic ecosystem. Additionally, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in water quality among sampling points, suggesting the influence of diverse pollution sources. Furthermore, the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated to assess the overall water quality status, indicating poor to unfit conditions for consumption across the studied locations. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective water management strategies to safeguard surface water quality for current and future generations.

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Author Biographies

Uba Sani, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Department of Chemistry

Abdulkadir Ibrahim, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Department of Chemistry

Akande, Esther Oluwatoyosi, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Department of Chemistry

John, Oghenetega Mercy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Department of Chemistry

Murtala, Mohammed Rumah, Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria

Department of Geography

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Published

2024-06-21