Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in some Rice Brands Imported into Nigeria

Authors

  • Kelle Henrietta Ijeoma National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria
  • Ogoko Emeka Chima National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria
  • Achem Daniel University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria
  • Ousherovich Shola Ayotunde National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria

Keywords:

Rice, , heavy metals, hazard index, hazard quotient, , cancer risk

Abstract

Communication in Physical Sciences 2020, 5(2): 210-222

Authors: Kelle Henrietta Ijeoma, Ogoko Emeka Chima, Achem Daniel and Ousherovich Shola Ayotunde

Received 29 April 2020/Accepted 26 May 2020

 

Rice is a major staple food in Nigeria and currently, the production capacity of the country cannot meet consumers; demand. Therefore, large quantities of rice are imported into the country without recourse to their heavy metal contents. Several research reports indicated that there is a likely possibility of heavy metal contamination of foreign rice and associated health hazards. Therefore, this study seeks to analyse foreign rice in Nigeria markets and identified their health implications. The result obtained indicated that mean concentrations of the heavy metal ions were Cd (0.0014 ± 0.00005 to 0.4322  ±  0.00005),  Cr  (0.0010  ±  0.00005  to 0.1080 ± 0.00005), As (0.0006 ± 0. 0001 to 0.1711 ±  0.0008),  Ni  (0.0007  ±  0.00001  to  0.8865 ± 0.00005), Hg (0.0024 ± 0.0001 to 0.0935 ± 0.001), Cu (0.0052 ± 0.00001 to 0.3208 ± 0.00005), Pb(0.0047 ± 0.00001 to 0.3974 ± 0.00001). Most of the imported rice brands have mean concentration (mg/kg) of the heavy metals below their maximum permissible limit (MPL) as set by FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). The hazard quotient (HQ) for the heavy metals in the imported rice brands range from 0.0006 (6 x 104)  to 5.0 while their hazard index (HI) range from 1.2 – 9.31. Most of the imported rice brands (62.5 %) and all the rice brands (100%) had HQ and HI for the heavy metals greater than one respectively pointing to the, likelihood and high potential for non-carcinogenic risks. The cancer  risk  assessment  value ranged from  8  x 106  to  1  x  103 which  suggest  probability  of cancer risks.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Kelle Henrietta Ijeoma, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria

Department of Pure and Applied Sciences,

Faculty of Science

Ogoko Emeka Chima, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria

Department of Pure and Applied Sciences,

Faculty of Science

Achem Daniel, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria

Department of Chemistry,

Faculty of Science

Ousherovich Shola Ayotunde, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria

Department of Pure and Applied Sciences,

Faculty of Science

References

Abdul-Hamid, A., Sulaiman, R. R. R. & Saari, O.N. (2007). Preliminary study of the chemical composition of rice milling fractions stabilized by microwave heating. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20, 7, 627-637.

Ali, H. & Khan, E. Ilahi, I. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry,https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305

Aoshima, K. (2016). Itai-itai diseases: Renal

tubular osteomalacia induced by environmental exposure to cadmium-historical review and perspectives. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 62, 4, pp. 319-326.

ATSDR (2005). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for nickel. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.pdf (accessed 10 April, 2020).

ATSDR (2005). Agency for Toxic Substances and

Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for

nickel. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services, Public Health

Service.

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.pd

f (accessed 10 April, 2020).

ATSDR (1999). Agency for Toxic Substances

and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile

for

cadmium. US Department of Human and

Health Services.

ATSDR (2007). Agency for Toxic Substances and

Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for

arsenic. Draft for Public Comment.

ATSDR (2008). Agency for Toxic Substances

and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of

Health and human Services. Division of

Toxicology and Environmental Medicine and

Educational Services, Case Studies in

Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Cadmium

Toxicity Pp 20 -21. Available online:

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cadmium/do

cs/cadmium.pdf (accessed 14 April 2020).

ATSDR (2012). Agency for Toxic Substances and

Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for

chromium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services, Public Health

Service.

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.pdf (accessed 12 April 2020)

ATSDR (2004). Agency for Toxic Substances and

Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health

and Human Services, Atlanta, GA.

Toxicological profile for copper.

Chaudhari, P. R., Tamrakar, N., Singh, L.,

Tandon, A. & Sharma, D. (2018). Rice

nutritional and medicinal properties: A review

article. Journal of Pharmacognosy and

Phytochemistry, 7, 2, pp. 150-156.

Chen, H., Yang, X., Wang, P., Wang, Z., Li, M. &

Zhao, F. (2018).Dietray cadmium intake from

rice and vegetables and potential health risk: A

case study in Xiangtan, Southern China.

Science of the Total Environment, 639, 15,

-277.

Chi, Y., Li, P., Tam, N. F., Liu, C., Ouyang, Y.,

Qi, X., Li, W, C. & Ye, Z. (2018). Variation in

grain cadmium and arsenic concentrations and

screening for stable low-accumulating rice

cultivars from multienvironment trials.

Science of the Total Environment, 643, 1, pp.

-1324.

COMA (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food

Policy) 1991. Dietary reference values for food

energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom.

Department of Health Report. HMSO.

London. 41, 181- 182. HMSO. London.

Copper Reference Dose (RfD),

https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/de

q-rrd-chem-CopperDatasheet_527899_7.pdf

(accessed 10 April 2020).

Daldrup, T., Haarhoff, K. & Szathmary, S. G.

(1985). Toedliche nickel sulphate –

intoxication. Berichtezur Gerichlichen

Medizin, 41, pp. 141 – 144.

Das, K.K., Das, S.N. & Dhundasi, S.A. (2008).

Nickel, its adverse health effects & oxidative

stress. Indian J Med Res., 128, pp. 412-425.

Deng, Y., Wang, M., Tian, T., Lin, S., Xu, P.,

Zhou, L., Dai, C., Hao, Q., Wu, Y., Zhai, Z.,

Zhu, Y., Zhuang, G. & Dai, Z. (2019). The

effect of hexavalent chromium on the

incidence and mortality of human cancers: A

metal-analysis based on published

epidemiological cohort studies. Frontier

Oncology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc 2019

.00024. Eddy, N. O. & Ekop, A. S. (2005). Comparative

studies of the level of toxicant in the seeds of

Terminalia catappa (Indian almond) and

Coulaedulis (African walnut). CHEMCLASS

Journal 2, pp. 14-76.

Eddy, N. O. & Udoh, C. L. (2005). Proximate

evaluation of the nutritional value of some

soup thickeners. CHEMCLASS Journal, 2, pp.

-14.

ENHIS, 2007. European Environment and Health

Information System. Exposure of children t

chemical hazards in food. Fact sheet No.44

http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_

file/ 0003/97446/4.4.pdf?ua= (accessed 13

th April 2020).

Environmental Protection Division (EPD) of the

Georgia Department of Natural Resources,

Atlanta,

GA 30334, United States. Human Health and

Marine mammal Risk.

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register

/report/eiareport/eia_1062005/eia_report/eng/

html/Annex/Annex%20C.htm (Accessed 5th

of April 2020).

EPA (1986). Environmental Protection Agency.

Health assessment document for nickel and

nickel compounds, Research Triangle Park,

NC: Office of Health and Environmental

Assessment, Environmental Criteria and

Assessment Office, EPA-600/8- 83-012F.

NTIS PB86-232212.

FAO Rice Publications. http://www.fao.org/-

economic/est/publications/rice-publication -

s/en/. (15th April, 2020).

FAO/WHO (1982). Evaluations of the joint

FAO/WHO Committee on food additives

(JECFA).

Twenty - six meeting of the joint FAO/WHO

Expert committee on food additives.

FAO/WHO (2011). Safety evaluation of certain

contaminant in food. WHO food additives

series: 63,

FAO JECFA Monographs 6, seventy – second

meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert

committee on food additives.

FAO/WHO (2017). Joint FAO/WHO Food

Standards Programme, 2017. CODEX

Committee on Contaminant in Foods, Eleventh Session, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

FAOSTAT. (2018). Food and Agriculture

Organisation of the United Nations. Crops. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visua

lize. Accessed 3rd April, 2020.

Fowler, B.A., Alexander, J. & Oskersson, A.

(2015). Toxic metals in food, in: Nordberg, G.F., Fowler, B.A and Nordberg, M. (Eds),

Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals.

Academic Press, Armsterdam, pp. 123 – 140.

Gerba, C.P. (2019). Risk assessment, in: Brusseau,

M.L., Pepper, I.L and Gerba, C.P. (Eds),

Environmental and Pollution Science. Elsevier

Inc, pp. 541 – 563.

Goodman, J. E., Prueitt, R.L.., Thakali, S. & Oller,

A.R. (2011). The nickel ion bioavailability

model of the carcinogenic potential of nickelcontaining substances in the lung. Critical

Review and Toxicology, 41, pp. 142–174.

IARC (1990). International Agency for Research

on Cancer. Chromium, nickel and welding,

IARC

Monographs on the Evaluation of carcinogenic

risks to humans, Vol 49, France.

IARC (1987). Summaries & evaluations: Arsenic

and arsenic compounds (Group 1). Lyon,

International Agency for Research on Cancer,

p. 100 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation

of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Supplement

Innocent, M.C., Asomugha, L. A., Ukamaka, M.

N. & Aronu, M.E. (2016). Ultrasound

measured testicular volume in Nigerian adults:

Relationship of the three formulae with

heights, body weight, body surface area, and

body – mass index. International Journal of

Advanced Medical Research, 3, pp. 85 – 90.

Ivica, K. (2015). Effects of soil contamination on

the selection of remediation method, in:

Nediljka, G. (Ed). Hand Book of Research on

Advancements in Environmental Engineering.

IGI Global, Pennsylvania, p. 205.

JECFA (2000). Summary and conclusions of the

fifty-fifth meeting, Geneva, 6–15 June 2000.

Geneva, World Health Organization, Joint

FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food

Additives.

JECFA (2010). Summary and conclusions of the

seventy-second meeting of the Joint

FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food

Additives, Rome, 16–25 February 2010. Rome,

Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations; Geneva,

World Health Organization (JECFA/72/SC)

Juliano, B. O., Paul, A. & Tuano, P.(2019). Gross

structure and composition of the rice grain. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811508-4.00002-2

Liu, J., Ma, Z., Wang, M. & Sun, W. X. (2013).

Genotype differences among rice cultivars in

lead accumulation and translocation and the

relation with grain Pb levels. Ecotoxicology

and Environmental Safety, 90, 1, pp. 35-40.

Mao, C., Song, Y., Chen, L., Ji, J., Li. J., Yuan,

X., Yang, Z., Ayoko, G. A., Frost, R. L. &

Theiss, F. (2019). Human health risks of heavy

metals in paddy rice based on transfer

characteristics of heavy metals from soil to

rice. Catena, 175, pp. 339-348.

Mcgregor, D. B., Baan, R. A. Partensky, C. Rice,

J. M. & Wilbourn, J. D. (2000). Evaluation of

the carcinogic risks to humans associated with

surgical implants and other foreign bodies. A

report of an IARC Monographs Programme

Meeting. European Journal of Cancer, 36, pp.

– 313.

Muthayya, S., Sugimoto, J. D., Montgomery, S. &

Maberly, G. F. (2014). An overview of global

rice production, supply, trade, and

consumption. Ann N Y. Academy of Science, 1324, pp. 7-14.

National Standard of the People’s Republic of

China, (2012)G.B 2762 – 2012, National Food

Safety Standard, maximum levels of

contaminants in food.

Nawaz, A., Khuoshid, K., Arif, M.S. & Kanjha,

A.M. (2006). Accumulation of heavy metals in

soil and rice plant (oryza sativa L.) irrigated

with industrial effluents. International Journal

of Agricultural Biology, 8, pp. 391 – 393.

Nayar, N. M. (2014). Origins and Phylogeny of

Rice, Academic press, Armsterdam. pp. 1 -14.

New York State Department of Health (2020).

Chromium III and VI (reference Dose).

https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_

hudson_pdf/appendixa.pdf (Accessed 8 April .

Ogunlade, O., Adalumo, O.A. & Asafa, M.A.

(2015). Challenges of body mass index

classification: new criteria for young adult

Nigerians. Nigeria Journal of Health Science, 15, pp. 71 – 74.

Oko, A. O., Ubi, B. E., Efisue, A. A. & Dambaba,

N. (2012). Comparative Analysis of the

Chemical Nutrient Composition of Selected

Local and Newly Introduced Rice Varieties

Grown in Ebonyi State of Nigeria

International Journal of Agriculture and

Forestry, 2, 2, pp. 16-23.

Oller, A.R., Costa, M. & Oberdorster, G. (1997).

Carcinogenicity assessment of selected nickel

compounds. Toxicology and Applied

Pharmacology., 143,pp. 152 – 166.

Onyedum, S. ., Adefolalu, F.S., Muhammad,

H.L., Apeh, D.O., Agada, M.S. & Imiewanrin,

M.R. (2020). Occurrence of major mycotoxins

and their dietary exposure in North – Central

Nigeria staples, Scientific African, 7, e00188.

https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00188

Rice, K. M., Walker, E.M., Wu, M., Gillette, C. &

Blough, E. R., (2014). Environmental mercury

and its toxic effects. Journal of Preventive

Medicine and Public Health, 47, pp. 74 – 83.

Rossman, T. (2007). Arsenic, in: Rom, W., &

Markowitz, S., (Eds), Environmental and

Occupational Medicine. Lippincott Williams

& Wilkins, Maryland, pp. 1006–1017.

Satpathy, D., Rededy, M.V. & Dhal, S.P. (2014).

Risk assessment of heavy metals

contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains

(Oryza sativa L.) at the East Coast of India,

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3,

, pp. 545473. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/

/545473

Selkop, S.k. & Oller, A.R. (2003). Respiratory

cancer risks associated with low – level nickel

exposure: an integrated assessment based on

animal, epidemiological and mechanistic data.

Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 37, pp. 173 – 190.

Shabbir, M.A., Anjum, F.M., Khan, M.R.,

Nadeem, M. & Saeed, M. (2013). Assessment

of heavy metals and aflatoxin levels in export

quality Indica rice cultivars with different

milling fractions. African Journal of

Agricuktural Research, 8, pp. 3236 – 3244.

Simmons, R.W., Pongsakul, P., Saiyasit, P.D. &

Klinphoklap, S. (2005). Elevated levels of

cadmium and zinc in paddy soils and elevated

levels of cadmium in rice grain Downstream of

a zinc mineralized area in Thailand.

Implications for public health. Environmental

Geochemistry and Health, 27, pp. 501 – 511.

Simmons, R.W., Pongsakul, P., Chaney,

R.L., Saiyasitpanich, D. & Klinphoklap, S.W.

(2003). The relative exclusion of zinc and iron

from rice grain in relation to rice grain

cadmium as compared to soybean:

Implications for Human Health. Plant and

Soil, 257, pp. 163–170.

Sunderman, F.W., Dingle, B., Hopper, S.M. &

Swift, T. (1988). Acute nickel toxicity in

electroplating

workers who accidentally ingested a solution of

nickel sulphate and nickel chloride. Am. J.

Indust. Med., 14, pp. 257 – 266.

U.S. EPA (2000)Reference dose for methylmercury (External review draft,. U. S.

Environmental protection agency,

Washington, D.C., NCEA-S-0930.

United States Environmental Protection Agency

(US EPA) Arsenic, inorganic (reference

Dose). Environmental Protection Agency,

Integrated Risk Information Sstem;

Downloads

Published

2020-05-28