GC-MS Characterization and Anti-Anaemic/Haematological Activity of Ethanol Extract of Solanum Aethiopicum Leaves
Keywords:
Solanum aethopicum, anaemia, phenylhydrazine, toxicity, haematology, GC-MSAbstract
Communication in Physical Sciences, 2024, 12(1): 052-069
Authors: Stella Mbanyeaku Ufearoh*, Onyinyechi Uloma Akoh, Christian Odih, Felicia Uchechukwu Okwunodulu
11 August 2024/Accepted:10 November 2024
We aimed to investigate the GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic leaf extract of Solanum aethiopicum and assess the effect of the extract on haematological parameters in PHZ-induced anaemia in rats. The rats used in the study were divided into five groups. Group 1 served as normal control and received food and distilled water throughout the experiment, group II stood for anaemia-induced rats serving as a negative control, group III represented anaemia-induced rats that received 5 mg/kg of the standard drug (ferrous sulphate), groups IV and V were anaemia-induced rats that were administered 200 and 400 mg/kg of S. aethiopicum ethanolic leaf extract respectively. GC-MS analyses of the ethanol leaf extract revealed 15 bioactive compounds, most of which have antioxidant and other biological potentials. PHZ reduced the level of the haematological parameters: packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count indices, haemoglobin (Hb) level, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) except for white blood cell count (WBC). The ethanolic leaf extract of S. aethiopicum extract though dose-dependent reversed the decrease in the haematological parameters indicating that the plant has anti-anaemic/haemolytic properties.
Downloads
References
Abdo, E.M.; Shaltout, O.E.-S.; El-Sohaimy, S.; Abdalla, A.E. & Zeitoun, A.M. (2021). Effect of Functional Beetroot Pomace Biscuit on Phenylhydrazine Induced Anemia in Albino Rats: Hematological and Blood Biochemical Analysis. J. Funct. Foods, 78, pp. 104385.
Achikanu, C. E.; Eze-Steven, P. E.; Ude, C. M. & Ugwuokolie, O. C. (2013). Determination of the vitamin and mineral composition of common leafy vegetables in southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2, pp. 347–353.
Adeyinka, O. A., Ayo, E. F., Abiola, G. F, ; Ayanronke, S. A. & Felicia, A. D. (2021). Comparative antimicrobial, phytochem -ical, nutritional and GCMS profiling of methanolic extracts of Solanum Sect. Melongena. International Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, pp. 5, 2, pp.82-91.
Aduwamai, U. H., Abimbola, M. M. & Ahmed, Z. H. (2018). Effect of Solanum nigrum Methanol leaf extract on phenylhydrazine induced anemia in rats. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11,1, pp. 65 –67.
Anosike C.A.; Obidoa, O. & Ezeanyika, L.U. (2012). The anti-infammatory activity of garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum) on egg albumin-induced oedema and granuloma tissue formation in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5, pp. 62–66.
Anosike, C.A., Abonyi, O. &Ubaka, C. (2011). Does the African garden egg offer protection against experimentally induced ulcers? Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4, pp.163–166.
Anosike, C.A.; Obidoa, O. & Ezeanyika, L. U. (2012). Membrane stabilization as a mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum). DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20, 76. http://www.darujps.com/content/20/1/76
Avery, J. C. & Hoffmann, P. R. (2018). Selenium, selenoproteins, and immunity. Nutrients, 10, 9, pp. 1203.
Bain, B.J.; Bates, I. & Lafan, M.A. (2016). Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Berger, J. (2007). Phenylhydrazine Haemotoxicity. Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 5, pp. 125–130.
Brigelius-Flohé, R. & Maiorino, M. (2013). Glutathione peroxidases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1830, 5, pp. 3289-3303.
Cardoso, B. R.; Hare, D. J. & Bush, A. I. (2018). Selenium, selenoproteins and neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics, 10, 10, pp. 1585-1587.
Chaachouay, N., Zidane, L. (2024). Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Source for Drug Discovery and Development. Drugs and Drug Candidates, 3, 1, pp. 184-207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc3010011.
Chansiw, N.; Paradee, N.; Chotinantakul, K. & Srichairattanakool, S. (2018). Anti-hemolytic, antibacterial and anti-cancer activities of methanolic extracts from leaves and stems of Polygonum odoratum. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 8,12, doi: 10.4103/2221-1691.248094
Diatta, K., Diatta, W., Fall, A. D.; Ibra, S., Dieng, M., Mbaye, A. I., Sarr, A. & Adegbindin, M. A. (2020). Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Stalk and Fruit of Solanum aethiopicum L. (Solanaceae). Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry, 6, pp. 6-12, doi: 10.4274/tjps.77598
Ekweogu, C. N., Ude, V. C., Nwankpa, P., Emmanuel, O. & Ugbog, E.A. (2019). Ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Solanum aethiopicum on phenylhydrazineinduced anaemia and toxicity in rats. Toxicological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-019-00021-5
Eyong, E. U., Umoh, I. B., Ebong, P. E., Eteng, M. U.; Antai, A. B. & Akoa, A. O. (2004). Heamotoxic effects following ingestion of Nigerian crude oil and crude oil polluted shellfish by rats. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 19, 1-2,, pp. 1–6.
Eze, U.A., Nwankwuo, I. U., Apeh, O. G., Ezeh, G. C. & Onoja, S. O. (2023). Antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of ethanol extract of Zapotecca portoricensis roots. Journal of Sustainable Veterinary and Allied Sciences, 5, 2, pp. 105-111
Fibach, E. & Rachmilewitz, E. (2008). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hemolytic Anemia. Curr. Mol. Med., 8, pp. 609–619.
Fujii, J., Homma, T., Kobayashi, S., Warang, P., Madkaikar, M. & Mukherjee, M. B. (2021). Erythrocytes as a Preferential Target of Oxidative Stress in Blood. Free. Radic. Res., 55, pp. 781–799.
Hatfield, D. L. & Gladyshev, V. N. (2002). How selenium has altered our understanding of the genetic code. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22. 11, pp. 3565-3576.
Jeffcoat, A. R., Perez-Reyes, M. & Hill, J. M. (1989). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methaqualone in humans. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 46, 5, pp. 536-544.
Kadian, R. & Punia, S. (2019) Steroids: A Journey from Physiology to Therapeutics. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 9, 6, pp.154-160.
Kajoba, D., Egesa, W. I., Muyombya, S., Ortiz Y. A., Nduwimana, M. & Ndeezi, G. (2024). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Children Aged 6-23 Months in Southwestern Uganda. Hindawi International Journal of Pediatrics,2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/666377
Komlaga, G., Sam, G. H., Dickson, R. A., Mensah, M. L. K. & Fleischer. T. C., (2014). Pharmacognostic studies and antioxidant properties of the leaves of Solanum macrocarpon. J Pharm Sci Res, 6, pp. 1-4. .
Lieu, P. T., Heiskala, M., Peterson, P. A. & Yang. Y. (2001). The roles of iron in health and disease. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 22, pp. 1-87.
Lim, Y. K., Jenner, A., Ali, A. B. ,Wang, Y., Hsu, S. I.. H., Chong, S. M, Baumman, H., Halliwell, B. & Lim, S. K. (2000). Haptoglobin reduces renal oxidative dna and tissue damage during Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolysis. Kidney Int., 58, pp. 1033–1044.
Loechl, C. U., Datta-Mitra, A., Fenlason, L., Green, R, ; Hackl, L., Itzkowitz. L., Koso-Thomas, M., Moorthy, D., Owino, V. O., Pachon, H.,
Stoffel, N., Zimmerman, M. B., Raiten, D. J. (2023). Approaches to address the anemia challenge. The Journal of Nutrition, 153, pp. S42-S59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.07.017
Macciò, A. & Madeddu, C. (2012). Management of anemia of inflammation in the elderly. Anemia, 2012;pp. 2012:563251. doi: 10.1155/2012/563251
National Research Council (NRC) (2010) Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Academies Press, Washington.
Ochei, J. & Kolhatkar, A. (2008). Medical laboratory sciences: Theory and practice. pp. 663–665. New York: Tata McGraw Hill. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate. net/publication/290158410.
Ogunka-Nnoka C. U.; Onyegeme-Okerenta, B. M. & Omeje, H. C. (2018). Effects of ethanol extracts of S. aethiopicum stalks on lipid profile and haematological parameters of Wistar Albino Rats. International Journal of Science and Research methodology, 10, 3, pp. 215-229.
Okonkwo, C. C., Agu, C. V., Njoku, O. U., Abonyi, U., Apeh, V., Anaduaka, E. G. & Odo, C. E. (2015). Hypoglycaemic and haematinic properties of ethanol leaf extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Afr. J. Tradit. Comp. Altern. Med., 12, 2, pp. 144–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v12i2.21
Onyeabo, C., Achi, N. K, Ekeleme-Egedigwe, C. A., Ebere, C. U. & Okoro, C .K. (2017). Haematological and biochemical studies on Justicia carnea leaves extract in phenylhydrazine induced-anemia in albino rats. Acta Sci. Pol. Technol Aliment, 16, 2, pp. 217-230. doi: 10.17306/J.AF -S.0492.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2001) Guideline 423: acute oral toxicity—acute toxic class method. 470 adopted by the council on 17th, December 2001.
Ousaaid, D., Ghouizi, A. E., Laaroussi, H., Bakour, M.; Mechchate, H.; Es-safi, I. , Kamaly, O. A., Saleh, A., Conte, R., Lyoussi, B. & El Arabi, I. (2022). Anti-anemic effect of antioxidant-rich apple vinegar against phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anaemia in rats. Life, 12, 239, https://doi.org/10.3390/ life12020239.
Ousaaid, D.; Laaroussi, H.; Bakour, M.; El Ghouizi, A.; El Menyiy, N.; Lyoussi, B.; El Arabi, I. (2022). Effect of a Combination of Rosa Canina Fruits and Apple Cider Vinegar against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Toxicity in Experimental Animal Models. J. Food Qual. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7381378
Pandey, S., Ganeshpurkar, A., Bansal, D. & Dubey, N. (2016). Hematopoietic Effect of Amaranthus cruentus Extract on Phenylhydrazine-Induced Toxicity in Rats. Journal of Dietary Supplements, doi: 10.3109/19390211.2016.1155685.
Papp, L. V.; Lu, J.; Holmgren, A. & Khanna, K. K. (2007). From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 9, 7, pp. 775-806.
Pan, J., Ke, S., Guo, H., Yang, M. & Wang, X. (2019). Synthesis and biological activity of benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones and benzisoselenazoles. Heterocycles, 98,1, pp. 415-427.
Patel, D. K. & Patel, P. (2016). In vitro antimicrobial activity of sapogenin extract of Acacia nilotica (Linn.) leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7, 2, pp.707-711.
Ramu, S., Murthy, S., K.; Krishna, S., Somashekaraiah, A. L.., Nandihalli, V. B. & Muzammil, K.M. (2019). Preclinical Evaluation of the
Haematinic Activity of an Oral Indiffusible Mixture of Tamarindus indica L. Leaf Extract. Turk J Pharm Sci.,16, 1, pp.27-31.
Rayman, M. P. (2000). The importance of selenium to human health. The Lancet, 356,9225, pp. 233-241.
Rhodes, C. E. & Varacallo, M. (2020). Physiology, oxygen transport. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538336/
Rubin, R. B.; Neugarten, J. & King, J. C. (1972). Respiratory effects of methaqualone and its interaction with ethanol. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 13, 5, pp. 777-783.
Sarah, K., Meriem, K. & Mustapha, T. (2022). Antihemolytic activity of hydroalcoholic leaves and bark extracts from Rhamnus alaternus against AAPH 724induced hemolysis on human erythrocytes. International Journal of plant-based pharmaceuticals, 2, 2, pp. 210-219.
Schewe, K. A. & Yuen, H. K. (1982). Antioxidant properties of alkyl esters of benzoic acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 30, 4, pp. 722- 724.
Shah, A. M., Patel, A. P., Patel, H. B. et al. (2011). Synthesis and evaluation of some new triazole derivatives for antioxidant activity. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, 4, pp. 693-697.
Schomburg, L. & Schweizer, U. (2009). Hierarchical regulation of selenoprotein expression and sex-specific effects of selenium. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1790, 11, pp. 1453-1462.
Sheth, P. A., Pawar, A. T., Mote, C.S. & More, C. (2021). Antianemic Activity of Polyherbal Formulation, Raktavardhak Kadha, against Phenylhydrazine-Induced Anemia in Rats. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 12, pp. 340–345.
Siraki, A. G., Klotz, L.O. & Kehrer, J. P. (2018). Free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Compr Toxicol.; 1, pp. 262–294.
Spallholz, J. E. & Hoffman, D. J. (2002). Selenium toxicity: Cause and effects in aquatic birds. Aquatic Toxicology, 57, 1-2, pp. 27-37.
Trivedi, S. & Pandey, R. (2020). 50 -Hydroxy-6, 7, 8, 30, 40 -pentamethoxyflavone extends longevity mediated by DR-induced autophagy and oxidative stress resistance in C. elegans. Geroscience.
Turnlund, J. R. (1998). Human whole-body copper metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, 5, pp. 960-4.
Uzu, M. Adaramola, B., Aleshinloye, A., Jegede, D., Shokunbi, O., Adewumi, A.,
Ogunnowo, A. & Onigbinde, A. (2017). Assessment of variation in mineral content of ripe and unripe African eggplant fruit (Solanum aethiopicum L.) Exocarps. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6, 5, pp. 2548-2551.
Vethanarayanan, P., Unnikannan, P., Baskaran, L. & Sundaramoorthy, P. (2011). Survey on traditional medicinal plants used by the village peoples of Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India. Asian J Biochem Pharm Res, 1, 3, pp. 351-361.
WHO (1980). Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. "Methaqualone: a review of the evidence of its dependence potential." World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 648, pp. 35-46.
Williams, A. A. & Barry, K. D. (1983). Evaluation of methyl and propyl paraben as preservatives in two pharmaceutical syrup formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72, 6, pp. 676-678.
Zabbey, V. Z. 1., Adienbo, O. M., Ojeka, S. O. & Dapper, D. V. (2022). Phytochemical screening and gc–ms analysis of bioactive compounds present in hydroethanolic leaf extract of Solanum aethiopicum (L). International Journal of Biological and Medical Sciences, 5, 3, pp. 1-9.
Zhang, J. & Taylor, E. W. (2005). Selenium and selenoproteins in the brain and brain diseases. Journal of Neurochemistry, 88, 3, pp. 580-593.
Zhu, Z., Sudfeld, C. R., Cheng, Y. et al. (2021). Anemia and associated factors among adolescent girls and boys at 10–14 years in rural western China. BMC Public Health 21, 218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10268-z.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal and Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
